  Exploring the transformation of value in the digital age By Michael J. Casey, Chief Content Officer July 9, 2021 If you were forwarded this newsletter and would like to receive it, sign up here.
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A quick programming note…  This week's "Money Reimagined" podcast is taken from a recording that Michael and co-host Sheila Warren made during CoinDesk's Consensus conference in May. It looks at the growing demands for companies to comply with environmental, sustainability and governance (ESG) standards and how blockchain technology could help them do that. The episode, which is divided into digestible segments, features appearances from Meltem Demirors, chief strategy officer of CoinShares, Mike Colyer, CEO of Foundry (a miner and sister company to CoinDesk) and Julius Akinyemi, founder and CEO of UWINCorp, among other guests. Have a listen after reading today's newsletter.
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The CPI's False Comforts  Illustration: Rachel Sun/CoinDesk After a long period of complacency in the U.S. about inflation, the threat has suddenly reared its head. But look closely and you'll see it's been there all along.
It's an article of faith among mainstream economic observers that we live in an era of low inflation – in other words, that the purchasing power of the dollars in your bank account have held fairly steady, especially compared to the period of historically high inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Just look at the consumer price index (CPI), the pundits will say. By that measure, they're not wrong. Since 2001, official inflation, as measured in 12-month changes in the CPI, peaked at 5.6% in July 2008, and only briefly, before plunging to negative levels in the aftermath of the global financial crisis.
 Lately, inflation concerns don't seem quite so risible, even by the accepted measurements of the Washington and Wall Street intelligentsia. As the economy recovers from coronavirus-related lockdowns, we're closer to that peak post-2000 rate than at any time since, with May 2021 CPI clocking in at a toasty 5%.
This inflation, which the U.S. Federal Reserve calls "transitory" (Beltway-speak for "temporary"), comes at a time when the traditionally obvious activity of collecting interest on your savings from your bank yields effectively nothing. The extremely low cost of money comes courtesy of the continued extraordinary monetary policy experiment underway at the U.S. central bank, whose congressional mandate is to maintain "full economic employment and stable pricing," which the Fed says means keeping inflation at around 2% per year.
To be clear, 5% inflation means that, in broad terms, what cost a dollar in May of last year costs a dollar and five cents this year. In practice inflation is lumpy; some areas like energy and airline fares have seen massive increases of 30% and 24% year over year while a pair of items (medical care commodities and alcoholic beverage components) saw small drops (-1.9% and -0.2%, respectively). These changes in price are then weighted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (the BLS) to create the modern CPI.
When inflation eats away at purchasing power, COLAs adjust the amounts beneficiaries receive, providing more money to keep things fair and purchasing power predictable. The goal is to ensure that someone who receives Social Security today will be able to afford the same standard of living, taking inflation into account, for as long as the person receives the entitlement.
And so, perhaps naively, I was floored recently when I set out to understand the history of how we calculate this all-important metric and how those calculations have changed over time. What I found can plausibly be described as political calculus run amok and the most serious case of missing the forest for the trees to beset the American people in my lifetime.
Flashback
By all accounts, the 1970s were a rough time for purchasing power. I wouldn't know – I was born in 1984 – but history tells us it was an era of escalating prices and myriad government attempts to ease that pain.
Prior to 1975, COLA adjustments for programs like Social Security were set by Congress, which made it a bit of a Sophie's Choice situation. Congress could vote to increase amounts paid to recipients that would keep purchasing power stable, at the cost of an ever-growing portion of taxes being used for that purpose. Politically there was no winning choice, just a question of who you most wanted to avoid angering.
In 1972, Congress hatched a plan to automate the process and offload the decision to the BLS, which maintains CPI, the official measure of inflation. Starting in 1975, we'd put our best data to work, scientifically determining whether and how much Social Security benefits should be increased or, at least in theory, decreased to provide that consistent, stable standard of living.
In practice, this only made things worse. Between 1975 and 1982, annual cost-of-living adjustments were between 5.9% and 14.3%. Over just seven years, government spending for social security alone increased by a total of 94.43%.
This was, as you might imagine, a huge problem that quickly turned political. It was also a problem that had no good solutions, really just two bad ones. Congress could unhitch COLAs from CPI, at which point politicians would reclaim control over the decision and bear responsibility for whether and how much to change payments. Alternatively, it could leave the automated adjustments in place. Given how long inflation had run and the repeated failed attempts to control it in the 1970s, it was more than feasible that all the money collected in taxes could eventually, and not too distantly, go toward paying for programs like Social Security.
The story goes that in the early 1980s "inflation was tamed" by the legendary Fed Chairman Paul Volcker. But concurrent with Volcker's actions, the BLS embarked on the first of a series of changes in how inflation was measured.
These changes to the math and methodology used to calculate official inflation, without exception, decreased the readings.
Even if we assume these changes were necessary refinements to bring the CPI measurement closer to reality, they made it impossible for mainstream economics to compare our present with our past. Very few even independent economists still calculate the CPI using original BLS methodologies but everybody still calls our official measure of inflation the "Consumer Price Index." This means that when you ask a mainstream economist if inflation today is as high as it was in the 1970s, that person will tell you it's not, referring you to the modern CPI as if comparing a reading from today's modified inflation measurement to the original are equivalent.
If so, politically speaking, this was brilliant. The government slowed the rate at which spending for our most needy grew without the backlash that would rightly come from abandoning them to an ever-declining standard of living.
By any non-political standard, this would be, in my book, one of the biggest, most regressive scandals you've never heard of.
In the nearly 40 years that have followed, the difference between actual inflation as the BLS measured it before 1983 and inflation as officially measured for COLA purposes has exploded. It's exactly the outcome the 1975 CPI-COLA tie was designed to avoid: a declining standard of living for society's neediest, because the money they are paid is worth less. Its impact goes far beyond government programs, with CPI-driven cost of living adjustments finding their way into everything from private salary negotiations to alimony payments.
Broken compass
There's a whole other story to tell about exactly what was done to the CPI that resulted in benign inflation readings.
In 1983 home prices were replaced with "owner occupied equivalent rent," which is a made-up number for how much homeowners would charge themselves to rent their house to themselves. In practice, this resulted in a reduction in measured inflation compared to the pre-1983 CPI calculations using the same data and, it stands to reason, at least contributed to the "taming of inflation" for which Volcker is credited today.
But by the end of the 1980s, even the "improved" CPI was showing inflation on the rise. In 1990, Social Security saw a COLA increase of 5.4% (which would have been higher without the 1983 change). Further changes would be required to keep things from going off the rails.
The early 1990s saw two more changes: "hedonic adjustments" and "substitutions."
Hedonic adjustments introduced a way for actual price increases to be transformed into price decreases. Imagine that last year a television set cost $300 and this year it costs $400. That price increase would indicate that inflation is, depending on how you do the math, somewhere between 25% and 33%.
But what if that $400 TV had a better screen resolution? Instead of 1080p, it was 1440p. The BLS might determine that, although the purchase price had increased by $100, the value of that TV had increased by $150 thanks to its improved resolution. That would mean that the adjusted price of the TV was $250 – a savings of $50 and, for inflation purposes, something that would lower the total CPI reading by off-setting other categories which increased in price during the same time period.
Outside of measuring inflation, that assertion could be correct. Surely many people substitute cheaper products when what they normally buy becomes more expensive. But for the purposes of accurately calculating inflation, it's nonsensical and obviously undermines that goal.
In practice this second round of changes to how inflation is officially measured further reduced measured inflation.
 The official misrepresentation of inflation is bad on its own, but has also tainted most of the data we use to make decisions, notably GDP which is exaggerated to the upside (good for whoever is in power) because it is growth minus inflation. If you replay the numbers with actual inflation, we've had mostly negative GDP growth for the last 20 years.  That's despite the incredible productivity gains from the internet and technology broadly, which could lead one to believe that government as practiced in the U.S. has been aggressively detrimental to society and prosperity at all levels.
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Off the Charts Bitcoin's Puell Multiple Shows Better Days Ahead While Bitcoin miners have received an increasingly smaller amount in block rewards over the years, the USD value of their rewards peaked in 2021 Q2 as the BTC price hit a new all-time price high of $64,889. By the end of the quarter, BTC plummeted 46% off its price high, pushing miner revenue back down to pre-bull market levels.  CoinDesk Research Analyzing bitcoin miner revenue can reveal important insights about the timing and magnitude of crypto market cycles. The Puell Multiple is a metric that is often used to identify market peaks and troughs by measuring periods of time in which miner rewards are overvalued or undervalued, compared to historical returns.
The Puell Multiple is calculated by dividing the daily issuance value of bitcoins in dollars by the one year moving average of daily issuance value. The green zone from 0.3 to 0.5 in the Puell chart (above) has historically been a support zone and a strong indicator that bitcoin price has found a bottom.
Since 2012, the Puell Multiple has dipped into the green zone a total of six times. Notably, each dip has been followed by a bitcoin price surge. A few notable Puell bottoms are November 2011, before bitcoin moved from $2.50 to $950; December 2018, where bitcoin ran from $3,500 to $12,500 in the following seven months; and March of 2020.
Last month, the Puell multiple appeared to find support briefly in the green zone and now we wait to see if history repeats itself. –Teddy Oosterbaan
The Conversation Ethereum Base Layer?  Illustration: Rachel Sun/CoinDesk The biggest news this week saw Circle announcing plans to go public at a valuation of $4.5 billion. The company, founded eight years ago, has been a fixed point in the crypto scene, even though it's made several faulty steps (including a massive write-down on its Poliniex acquisition). Its main success has been the USDC stablecoin, issued with Coinbase, that's now circulating to the tune of $26 billion. That project mostly runs on Ethereum.
CEO and founder Jeremy Allaire took to Twitter to make the announcement:  And in doing so, he made the undeniable point that crypto's early believers have largely proved the skeptics wrong:  Bloomberg's Joe Weisenthal wondered what the news could mean for Bitcoin – known for its store of value properties – and the claim that it will serve as a "base layer" in a new financial system:  Podcaster Bennett Tomlin said Ethereum is increasingly positioned to be the "store of value" layer because the network has more uses than Bitcoin, suggesting greater demand for its token over time:  That idea was endorsed by Weisenthal himself and by Jacob Franek, partner of the DeFi Alliance accelerator: 
A message from Coindesk  The CoinDesk Quarterly Review 2021 Q2 After two consecutive quarters of strong price gains for most of the top crypto assets, Q2 2021 finally brought an end to market euphoria with a resounding crash. Most CoinDesk 20 assets, which constitute 99% of the crypto market by verifiable volume, ended the quarter with negative returns. Meanwhile, protocol development for the world's largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, Bitcoin and Ethereum, reached new milestones. CoinDesk Research's latest Quarterly Review dives into the trends, developments and technological progress that shaped the crypto markets from April to June 2021. The full report is now available from the CoinDesk Research Hub.
Relevant Reads The Search for Stability  Talking of stablecoins, CoinDesk's Brady Dale took a deep look at the race to create a decentralized or "algorithmic" token. The most popular stablecoins today, like Tether and USDC, are backed one-for-one by dollars in the bank (or at least that's what the projects claim; in Tether's case, the fullness of its reserves has sometimes been in question). "Algorithmic" stablecoins, like Ampleforth, are backed only by code and rules and potentially have the advantage that they can scale infinitely without the need for collateralization. But the consensus of Dale's piece is that these projects aren't quite ready for prime time yet. The dollar-pegged projects are ascendent, for now.
A message from CoinDesk  The Investor's Perspective on the Bitcoin Taproot Upgrade Taproot is a bundle of three upgrades to Bitcoin aimed at improving network security, privacy and scalability. At the same time, it poses some potential drawbacks to Bitcoin including risks of low adoption, unintended privacy shortcomings and Bitcoin community disappointment and fracturing. CoinDesk Research's newest report dives into the economic impact and investment implications of the Taproot upgrade.
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